History of Subnetting

    In the early stages of Internet Protocol development, the network number was always the highest order octet (the eight most significant bits). Since this method was only allowed for 256 networks, it soon proved inadequate when additional networks were developed that were independent of the existing networks designated by the network number. In 1981, the addressing specification was revised with the introduction of the classful network architecture.

    The classy network design allows for the assignment of larger individual networks and fine-grained subnetwork designs. The first three bits of the most significant octet of an IP address are defined as the address class. Three classes ( A , B, and C) are defined for universal unicast addressing. Depending on the inherited class, network identification is based on the octet boundary segment of the entire address. Each class uses successive additional octets in the network identifier, thereby reducing the number of hosts in the higher-order classes (B and C). The following table provides an overview of this now obsolete system.

    Classful's network design served its purpose in the early stages of the Internet, but lacked the scalability in the face of the rapid network expansion of the 1990s. The system of class address space was replaced with Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) in 1993. CIDR is based on variable-length subnet masking (VLSM) to allow allocation and routing based on arbitrary-length prefixes. Today, remnants of the classful networking concept function only to a limited extent as a default configuration parameter of some network software and hardware components (eg netmasks), and in the technical jargon used in network administrator discussions.

Sejarah subnetting

    Pada tahap awal pengembangan Protokol Internet, nomor jaringan selalu oktet urutan tertinggi (delapan bit paling signifikan). Karena metode ini hanya diperbolehkan untuk 256 jaringan, segera terbukti tidak memadai ketika jaringan tambahan dikembangkan yang independen dari jaringan yang sudah ada yang ditunjuk oleh nomor jaringan. Pada tahun 1981, spesifikasi pengalamatan direvisi dengan pengenalan arsitektur jaringan classful.

    Desain jaringan yang berkelas memungkinkan untuk penugasan jaringan individual yang lebih besar dan desain subnetwork berbutir halus. Tiga bit pertama dari oktet paling signifikan dari alamat IP didefinisikan sebagai kelas alamat. Tiga kelas (A, B, dan C) didefinisikan untuk pengalamatan unicast universal. Tergantung pada kelas yang diturunkan, identifikasi jaringan didasarkan pada segmen batas oktet dari seluruh alamat. Setiap kelas menggunakan oktet tambahan berturut-turut di pengidentifikasi jaringan, sehingga mengurangi jumlah host di kelas orde tinggi (B dan C). Tabel berikut ini memberikan gambaran umum tentang sistem yang sekarang usang ini.

    Desain jaringan Classful melayani tujuannya pada tahap awal Internet, tetapi tidak memiliki skalabilitas dalam menghadapi ekspansi jaringan yang cepat pada 1990-an. Sistem kelas ruang alamat diganti dengan Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) pada tahun 1993. CIDR didasarkan pada variabel panjang subnet masking (VLSM) untuk memungkinkan alokasi dan routing berdasarkan awalan sewenang-wenang panjang. Saat ini, sisa-sisa konsep jaringan classful hanya berfungsi dalam lingkup terbatas sebagai parameter konfigurasi default dari beberapa perangkat lunak jaringan dan komponen perangkat keras (mis. Netmask), dan dalam jargon teknis yang digunakan dalam diskusi administrator jaringan.

Data Set (Calculating Distances With Minkowsky) Using Excel

How to calculate the distance with Minkowsky using Excel is as follows :

The data that we will use is

The formula we will use is as follows :

• =((B3-C3)+(B4-C4)+(B5-C5)+(B6-C6)+(B7-C7))/1/C1
• = 0.6666667

Explanation :

• B3, C3 and so on are columns of numbers in excel
• ^ is a power formula in excel
• C1 is the divisor for powers that have a value of 3, written in the formula is 1/C1 so that 1/3
• C1 is free

IPv4 Address

    IPv4 addresses are 32 bits in size, which limits the address space to 4 294 967 296 (2³²) addresses. Of these, some addresses are reserved for special uses such as private networks (~18 million addresses) and multicast addresses (~270 million addresses).

    IPv4 addresses are usually represented in dot-decimal notation , which consists of four decimal places, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots, e.g., 172.16.254.1 . Each part represents a group of 8 bits (one octet) of the address. IPv4 addresses can be presented in various hexadecimal, octal, or binary representations.